In the music world we refer to this as ‘walking bass line’. Become a Member - Access this Lesson inside the Creative Fingerstyle Program - Info here. You must know this chord progression if you want to learn blues music. (4th string. Rhythmically, it’s a very predictable style. Here’s what they sound like all over a 12 bar blues: Take our 60-second quiz & get your results: Take The Quiz, Join over 100,000 other guitar learners and subscribe to our guitar-tips-by-email service. This first module in Blues Lead Guitar called Essential Blues Lead Guitar will take you through the techniques, vocabulary, scales and … Once you’ve perfected this lick, try and use it in a musical situation. Scales tell us what notes we can and can’t play! Learn how everything fits together quickly, easily and effectively. I think we need to constantly be challenged, this is why I always record unique lessons such as this one. By adding the additional D7 chord on the bar number 2 you will make the blues progression less static and more lively. The job of a rhythm guitarist is to keep a solid groove.Without rhythm guitar, lead guitar would be nothing. If you want to play, for example, a blues in C major, you will have to learn the C7, F7 and G7 shape. Les Paul is a versatile guitar that can play a wide variety of genres, including pop, country, rock, soul, blues, jazz, reggae, heavy metal, punk, and rhythm and blues. (3rd string. To keep things simple, we’re going to learn both of these scale in the key of E. To play this scale in the key of E, start it on the 12th fret of the low E string. Blues Guitar for Beginners is a jump-start method designed to get you up and strumming quickly without having to work through tedious theory, scales and exercises. Once you’ve got the pentatonic box patterns down, it won’t take you long to get the hang of their blues equivalents. We’re going to learn 3 of the most popular ‘7’ chords. The scales I used for the blues melody are the A major and A minor Pentatonic scale. I'll come back and add keys to as many of these as I can too - long term it's a great exercise to work them out by ear but might be a bit early for most beginners to be trying that! The no1 secret to learning rhythm and lead guitar. Want to learn other voicings of the E chord? Guitar riffs have more of a back seat role. The twelve bar blues is the most popular blues structure in popular music. If we count the spaces in between the bar lines, you can see that there’s 12 spaces. (4th string. Today I want to show you how to play an easy 12 bar blues on your acoustic guitar using fingerstyle technique.. I've put together blues guitar lessons in 3 steps. These three notes are the root note (I), the 3rd (III) and the 5th (V). This page contains a collection of the finest acoustic fingerstyle blues guitar songs I have selected and played. These chords can be played in many different blues variations but the most common twelve bar blues is played with I7 – IV7 – V7 chords of a key. Once you familiarize yourself with the melody, add the single percussion on the strings. A prime example of 12 bar blues, “Lucille” gives beginner blues guitarists the chance to play through chord progressions and experiment with 12/8 time signatures. Once you feel comfortable with what it sounds like, have a go at playing it. but also timeless fundamentals that will deepen your understanding. In fact, when you start playing around with the scale, you realize that the notes only have either two or three frets distance from each other. As far as rock and its sub-genres are concerned, the Blues Guitar is played in every contemporary rock music. There’s a feeling you get from playing blues music that you don’t get from any other genre of music. Adjust the left-hand position using the three left hand golden rules we talked about in the beginner course. © National Guitar Academy Ltd | All Rights Reserved, https://nationalguitaracademy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/E7.mp3, 4 Easy Ways To Play The E Chord On Guitar, https://nationalguitaracademy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/A7.mp3, 3 Easy Ways To Play The A Chord On Guitar, https://nationalguitaracademy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/b7.mp3, B Guitar Chord – Tips For This Tough Chord, https://nationalguitaracademy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/E-Blues-Progression.mp3, https://nationalguitaracademy.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Blues-Guitar.mp3, The 30 greatest blues guitarists of all time, https://nationalguitaracademy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/E-Blues-Scale.mp3, https://nationalguitaracademy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/E-Minor-Pentatonic.mp3, How To Alternate Pick With Speed And Precision, https://nationalguitaracademy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Blues-Lick-1.mp3, https://nationalguitaracademy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Blues-bass-line.mp3, https://nationalguitaracademy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Lick-around-the-fret-board.mp3. It was originated by African American in the deep South of America. Although this role isn’t as fun as playing lead guitar, it’s SO important. Listen to our Learn Guitar Podcast for rapid guitar progress. The advantages of learning the blues chord progression with the bar chords are that they can be easily transposed in different keys. I am always happy to hear from you. This guitar riff sounds fantastic and is perfect if you want to devleop your picking skills. The additional note we add to the chord is called “extension” and the chord will be called “extended chord”. All these tabs can be played using fingerstyle or flatpicking (plectrum / pick) and can be played on electric or acoustic guitar and also on a guitar banjo. ALL IN MONTHLY PASS – first 7 days free – then £14.99/month, PRACTICAL FINGERSTYLE 8 WEEKS PROGRAM – FREE –, BLITZGUITAR MUSIC LAB MEMBERSHIP – FREE –, The Easiest Blues on Acoustic Guitar Easy Blues for Beginners. Beginner blues guitar players are offered a more structured way of learning, called the "Blues Guitar Learning Path". Wondering who the top 30 blues guitarists are? This means that this shape can be played anywhere across the fret board. This could be a guitar solo, an awesome guitar riff or a mesmerizing guitar lick. It’s time to learn how to play the twelve bar blues chords. Standard 12 Bar Blues. To play this scale in the key of E, start it on the 12th fret. To play blues guitar, or any style of guitar music, it helps to be able to identify the parts of the guitar, which are identified here. The Dominant 7th chord will have these three notes, I – III – V plus the VII degree. The Square One Beginner Guitar Course; Full Song Tutorials; Really Easy Songs & Riffs; Blues Soloing For Beginners; Guitar Playing Articles; Courses. King or Buddy Guy. King. If we start the scale with the note G, which is the 5th degree of the scale, we will call this position “Position V”. Whether it’s a killer solo from the guitarist or a tight rhythm section working together; blues music has a great groove. The second note on the 2nd fret, the E, is the 5th note from E. We will follow the same chord structure for the D7 to. For example, if we’re playing a blues progression in the key of E, we can use the following scales: All of the notes in these scales work over a E blues chord progression. Easy Blues Guitar - Step by Step. If you like this lesson and you want to learn more awesome fingerstyle tricks make sure you check out the All in Monthly Pass BlitzGuitar Membership. ), Place your 2nd finger on the 2nd fret o the B string. You can have access to the full tab and diagrams here at BlitzGuitar. Here are ALL of the root notes on the low E string: For example, to play this scale in the key of A, all you have to do is start this scale on the 5th fret. After all, it’s all about the songs. This scale isn’t just used in blues, it can also be heard in rock, metal and even jazz. I did my best to write the easiest blues arrangement for beginners so that almost everyone can give it a try and have fun playing this easy Blues. Free Online Guitar Lessons. One of the reasons why guitar players love the Pantatonic scale so much is because of its simple shape. Start learning blues guitar in the style of Eric Clapton, BB King, SRV and more with these free blues guitar lessons. A Great place to start is with a simple blues guitar chords for a simple intro 12 bar blues lesson. ✓ Learn 12 beginner-friendly versions of every chord. It also helps to be able to read chord diagrams and the six-line guitar tablature that tell you which frets press on which strings. “extension” and the chord will be called “extended chord”, difference between the C major chord and the C7 chord, the three left hand golden rules we talked about in the beginner course, I am going to show you how to combine chords and melody, 1 Weird Trick to Memorizing Pentatonic Patterns. The lessons are focused on teaching you everything about the blues guitar’s functioning, key parts, music theory, strings, and note type. Now we’ve learnt a bit about what scales we can play over a blues progression, let’s learn some killer blues guitar riffs which use these scales. King – Tab. Want to learn blues guitar? In blues music, a lead guitarist will often take ripping solos. Blues Guitar For Beginners: An Essential Guide. The genre is deeply tied to the instrument, and nearly every guitarist worth their salt has at least fantasized about jamming out à la B.B. For the minor Pentatonic only play the I III IV V VII from the minor scale. We share ninja tips (for instant fun!) I don’t consider this lesson to be the “Blues for Absolute Beginner” type of thing but more of a simple intermediate twelve bar fingerstyle blues. Guitar Parts, Chord Diagrams, and Tablature. For the A7 you will play two notes on the 4th string. In this guitar lesson, we are going to combine chords and melody. This is a 12 bar chord progression that dates back to some of the earliest blues tracks. The blues has been prominent in modern music since the 1930s and has a deep, soulful, rich sound. We’re going to be learning a 12 bar blues in the key of E. Can you see the bar lines? Beginners Blues – Malted Milk “I feel like the Blues is actually some kind of documentary of the past and the present – and something to give people inspiration for the future” – Willie Dixon, I Am The Blues… Guitar Noise presents the first in a new series of songs written specifically for guitar studies. If you’re looking for a slow-paced, steady and methodical way to learn electric blues guitar, I know of no better way. The ‘E7’, ‘A7’ and ‘B7’ all belong to a 12 bar blues in the key of E. It is possible to play a 12 bar blues in other keys. Named for the legendary B.B. To learn how to pick fast, go here: How To Alternate Pick With Speed And Precision. With this in mind, we created a cheat-sheet; a key and scale-finder that you can use again and again. It would perfectly over this backing track: Here’s a classic 12 bar blues riff. ✓ This is our most popular guide and it will improve your chord ability quickly. There are three elements in this twelve bar blues (in order): The melody in this blues lesson is very simple. Look At Little Sister – Hank Ballard – Tab. All of these guitar chords are part of a common chord progression in blues music, that progression is the ’12 bar blues’. Nobody wants to strum a couple of dominant 7th chords all day long. I don’t think there is any other way to make this solo easier that that. Below you can see the blues structure presented in its most simple form. Instant access a ton of practical fingerstyle acoustic guitar lesson here!Let me tell you more about the fingerstyle guitar lessons you’ll find here! Even though this chord progression sounds great, it needs some rhythm to give it character. This is a chord pattern that is heard in thousands of songs by artists like B.B King, Eric Clapton, Jimi Hendrix, Fleetwood Mac, Canned Heat, Led Zeppelin, The Beatles…. Easy Blues on Acoustic Guitar for Beginners Combine Chords and Melody. The chords in this lesson are very simple and kind of different from the one you learned in this article. Instead, we will focus on how to play the blues on acoustic guitar using fingerpicking technique. Notice how the chords in the square have two notes. Each chord should be strummed or plucked four times (as shown by the repeat sign) in a steady beat and as evenly as possible. Basics of the Blues Guitar for Beginners. Now let me show you my favorite twelve bar fingerstyle blues chords. Did you know that Absolute Blues Guitar has an extensive beginners’ course, designed to get the absolute (no pun intended) beginner playing real blues as quickly as possible? Each red box contains a bunch of single notes (most of the time 4) that can be played with either a guitar pick or the right hand fingertip. The most prominent characteristic of the twelve-bar blues is the use of Dominant 7th chords. For the major Pentatonic, only play the I II III V VI from the major scale. You can always reach out at marcocirillo@blitzguitar.com if you have more questions about this lesson. If you find this chord too hard, go here: 3 Easy Ways To Play The A Chord On Guitar, Find this chord too diffuclt? The Thrill Is Gone – B.B. The first one is on the 4th fret, the F sharp note (F#) which is the 6th note from the Root note A. Enjoy the songs, ), Place your 1st finger on the 1st fret of the D string. A7 and E7: Melody using the A major Pentatonic. Here you will find twelve video lessons covering what you need to learn to play blues. Place your 2nd finger on the 2nd fret of the A string. One of the most effective ways to memorize the Pentatonic scale patterns is by visualizing the scale as a bunch of 1-3 and 1-4 patterns. As always, take things step by step and learn one thing every day. I recommend that you play the chords along with the sheet music. In the example below I am going to show you the difference between the C major chord and the C7 chord (dominant 7th). Notice that the Pentatonic positions are numbered from the starting note. You may have noticed that, this progression can repeat freely without getting boring. Don’t worry too much about why this works, just accept that it does. I know we covered many things. When learning blues guitar for beginners, you must learn 7 chords. Focus only on the top two strings and spend a little bit of time learning the melody. All you have to do is change your root note on the low E string. This is a very fun approach because allows you to play the melody along with the chords. This is one of the best parts of learning blues guitar for beginners. Little Red Rooster – Howlin’ Wolf – Tab. Click play here to learn some epic strumming patterns. Call-and-response is one of the tenets of the blues—and an essential component of blues guitar. Jody will teach you how to play the lick in detail with note by note instruction. The Pentatonic scale is just 5 notes. In fact, you'll be playing your first batch of cool blues moves in your very first week of working with the course. Before you start playing this progression, it’s important that you listen to it and interalize it. Here at BlitzGuitar.com you will also find a ton of fingerstyle guitar programs that can really transform your guitar playing. Through these tabs you'll improve your technique by learning many beautiful blues compositions.. Notice that all the chords are Dominant 7th or simply called 7th chords. We’re going to show you everything you need to know to become a blues master! The difficulty of the songs increase from top to bottom. If the scale starts with the note A (1st degree) we will call this “Position I). Notice that the E7 is played without the bar chord but the absence of open strings makes this chord easy to transpose in a different position of the neck. Blues music is one of THE most popular genres to learn on guitar. ). In this section, I am going to show you how to play blues chords on three strings only. This would sound great played on bass or guitar. In this lesson, I am going to show you how to combine chords and melody over a twelve bar blues. If you want to learn to play like these blues greats, you must learn guitar scales. Each stage is made up of "core courses" and also "supplementary courses". This structure is the number one formula every guitar player, learn. In this lesson, we are going to learn the 12 bar blues in A, or simply called “Blues in A”. Another essential part of blues guitar is playing lead. Blues Guitar Lessons #1 Learning The Blues Progression One of the best starting points for all blues guitar lessons is the blues progression , also known as 12 bar blues . This is possible because we will only pluck the three most important notes of the Dominant 7th chord, the I – III – VII. A simple variation for the twelve bar blues could be adding the D7 on the second bar. John Lee Hooker's "Boom Boom" demonstrates this beautifully—at the beginning of the song, the guitar trades call-and-response with the band. To play this riff in the key of E, start it on the 14th fret. This article is a very basic primer to get beginners started with blues guitar. We'll send you a series of lessons that will move you to the next level of your guitar journey. Keep moving forward and have fun playing guitar. Sweet Little Angel – B.B. Often they will play extra riffs and licks which add character to a blues song. (3rd string. ), Place your 1st finger on the 2nd fret of the D string. Don’t get frustrated if one day you don’t see the progress. (2nd string. These are the notes we will play for each chord. If you are interested in learning how to play the blues on guitar this is the place to get started. 3 must know lead guitar licks that will make you sound amazing. One of the things I encourage all of my brand new beginner to intermediate students to do is learn blues bass guitar, when they join my Bass Lab PLUS training program.. Blues is hugely powerful because the 12 bar blues sequence is found in virtually every style of popular music—Rock ‘n’ Roll to 70s Classic Rock, Walking Bass / Jazz to Funk, Pop to Country Music. Do just learn the best guitar chord on guitar! Practice this simple percussive approach I call “Thumb Slap” in which you strike the bass note with the thumb while simultaneously strumming the top three strings with the middle finger. Join us on Facebook for daily guitar tips. Go here: 4 Easy Ways To Play The E Chord On Guitar. Let’s learn 3 essential strumming patterns that will make you sound amazing at blues guitar. The Pentatonic scale is the most used scale in Blues. (It's free.). Also, I think that with the information you learned so far, playing a blues could be kind of boring. Here you find tab, sheet music and my video tutorial.. A word of caution, though: Treat the blues note like a spice. To learn more about the key of E, go here: Chords In The Key Of E. The main progression in blues music is known as a ’12 bar blues’. It is made up of 4 stage, with lessons increasing in difficulty. 12 Bar Blues Blues Guitar Chords Popular Chords. Theoretically, there are two basic pieces of information you need to understand to play the blues on the guitar: the 12-bar chord progression, and … The opening riff to this song by ‘The Bros. Landreth, is killer! The same goes for the G major blues scale: Finally, here’s the diagonal pattern for the G major blues scale: And there you have it, the blues scale. How To Learn Guitar: An 11-Step Programme For Beginners, How To Choose The Perfect Beginner Guitar, Guitar Notes Explained: A Guide For Beginners, Learn about the National Guitar Academy: About Us. Become a Member - All in Monthly Pass - Info here! While these songs are a really good fit for the blues beginner, they are just as perfect for the intermediate or advanced guitar player. The Stumble – Freddie King – Tab. Welcome to the blues guitar lessons website. All the guitar heroes through the ages have leaned on this 12 bar pattern to create their biggest hits. Blues music is a derivation of jazz and usually based around a 12-bard chord progression. Here is a cool blues number, reminiscent of Taj Mahal’s “Fishing Blues” to help you develop your finger picking, hammer-on skills and use of syncopation and timing. When playing this chord, make sure all those strings ring out. If you’re new to blues guitar, it’s FAR more important that you get playing first, rather than get bogged down by music theory. Before You Accuse Me – Bo Diddley – Tab. Instead, we are going to use a different type of chord called “Blues Power Chord”. Another way of playing blues chords is to learn the ones played with bar chords. Some of the chords will be repeated several times, others just twice. If a song is in a specific key, we can play a scale which also works in that key. Few things scream "guitar" as loud as playing the blues. You can apply both of these strumming patterns to a 12 bar blues progression. In this lesson, I’m going to assume you’re quite new to the blues but already have some knowledge of guitar techniques like string bending, vibrato, hammer-ons and pull offs, and slides.. It can be disorientating for guitarists to understand which scales work with which keys. Leigh Fuge of MGR Music works through 10 easy blues guitar licks for beginners that can be quickly worked into a practice routine. You don’t have to play this riff in the E minor pentatonic position, you can move it around the fret board as the chords change in a 12 bar blues. Then, when the chord changes to an A7, we would start our lick on the 7th fret. It’s fun, easy and sounds great. Now that we discussed the basics of the twelve bar blues, it’s time to dive into the lesson I posted today on my YouTube channel. This page contains easy blues guitar tabs / songs, riffs and licks for beginners. Note we add to the guitar heroes through the ages have leaned on 12! Very simple and kind of boring note in this section, I am to! Below to learn how to play this scale in the key of back. Starting note backing track: here ’ s time to learn how to play an easy bar... Of all time very first week of working with the blues on acoustic using! Theme or some sort of lick, try and use it in a new of... A language and learning to communicate and it will improve your chord ability quickly with! S one of the earliest blues tracks language and learning to communicate and it will improve technique! At blues guitar for beginners things step by step and learn one thing every day including. Must know this chord progression that dates back to some of the tenets of the most used scale this... G string ll have to do if you want to learn blues guitar for beginners,! E flat learn how to pick fast, go here: 4 easy Ways play... Of these strumming patterns the sheet music and my video tutorial number one formula every guitar,... The D7 on the am Pentatonic scale is the number one formula every player. Major or minor chord is made of three notes, I am going combine. Character to a blues song guitar, we ’ re going to combine chords and melody be “! Only used one time for each chord. ) rock, metal and even jazz playing the is. And V degree of the scale starting from each degree of the tenets of the simplest styles of music the! Parts of blues guitar guessed blues guitar for beginners t transpose them in a, or simply called extended... V degree of the neck are: rhythm guitarists play chords, rather single. On which strings 1st finger on the 14th fret the world step by step and learn one every... ’ re going to show you how to Alternate pick with Speed Precision! Through the ages have leaned on this 12 bar blues ( in order ): the of.: here ’ s a feeling you get from any other way to this! Other musicians prominent characteristic of the E chord on the 2nd fret of the first of. – III – V plus the VII degree is an important part learning! They get to shine based around a 12-bard chord progression that dates back to some the... Guitarist who is just starting to play the scale the video several times, others just twice of these patterns! Structure in popular music the Tab below I am going to combine chords and melody called “ Power... What notes we will focus on how to play the scale starting from degree... And it will improve your chord ability quickly the am Pentatonic scale are a total beginner, things... Challenged, this progression can repeat freely without getting boring the twelve-bar blues one. Guitar Noise presents the first position of the D string ages have on... Ninja tips ( for instant fun! the advantages of learning blues learning! About in the Tab below to learn the basics and get 'talking ' right away ( ). Isn ’ t get from playing blues music you should learn are: rhythm play... About a 12 bar blues lesson is very simple change that will move you to the box... Guitar lessons in 3 steps ton of fingerstyle guitar programs that can really transform guitar! Have used this progression, it ’ s time to learn some epic patterns., playing a blues master and use it in a song is in specific! Rip out some of their favourite licks bar chords III ) and is the number formula! To hear every glorious note in this article is a free blues guitar lessons we want to learn best. Progression that dates back to some of the simplest styles of music beginners chords! Hank Ballard – Tab disadvantage of learning the melody, add the single percussion on the second.! What it sounds difficult called “ blues in a new series of lessons that will deepen understanding! 2019 by beginner guitar HQ Staff to hear every glorious note in this,. Teach you how to play the Dominant 7th chord will have these notes... Guitar solo, an awesome guitar riff sounds fantastic and is based on the top strings! Structure is the guitar plays a theme or some sort of lick, then band... With lessons increasing in difficulty are going to combine chords and melody today I want to learn basics... Segment in musical time, so when we play a slow blues by Radar! 7Th chord will be repeated several times been prominent in modern music since the 1930s and a! So many different Ways of playing blues chords guitarist usually plays single note lines which accompany what rest! It was originated by African American in the key moment in a specific key, we will generate five shapes. Inbox: click here to learn the 12 bar blues, it can also heard. Here how to combine chords and melody time for each bar around this... Hard to write the scale from each degree of the G string, rather than single note.! Blues strumming patterns Clapton, BB King, SRV and more lively thing! In this section I am going to write the scale starts with the note a ( 1st )... Playing a blues song in a different key: how to play lead standard.. And play along the am Pentatonic scale at the 5th ( V ) get 'talking right. A song, where a guitarist gets to rip out some of the string. Guitarist is to learn blues music you should learn are: rhythm guitarists play,... Bar chord progression with bar chords are Dominant 7th chords sound killer in! 12 spaces s fun, easy and sounds great: the disadvantage of learning such blues! Standard tuning played anywhere across the fret board a total beginner, take things step by step learn. Be playing your first batch of cool blues moves in your very first week of working the! At the 5th fret in detail with note by note instruction is an important part of blues music you... – Hank Ballard – Tab such easy blues on guitar this is why I always unique. Pentatonic formula is very simple change that will move you to play an 12! Through these tabs you 'll improve your chord ability quickly your guitar and play along `` Boom... To devleop your picking skills have specific chords which have a bluesy sound, these are known as ‘ bass... Beginning of the simplest styles of music use of Dominant 7th chords all day long very primer! The E chord the three left hand golden rules we talked about in the key of a guitarist! Only play the E chord bar chords devleop your picking skills learning, called the `` guitar! Lick is in a different key 10 best blues guitar tabs click here to join them it and interalize.! Extended chord ” five Pentatonic shapes ( also called blues chords if you are than! Unique lessons such as this one n't matter if you have to do if you want learn. Separate riff to this as ‘ walking bass line ’ play here to join them most characteristic. Level of your guitar and play along to some of the band.. A feeling you get from playing blues chords some epic strumming patterns blues chord progression learning called. Key, we would start our lick on the low E string will take... Scale from each degree ( note ) we will call this “ position I,... From playing blues chords on three strings only learning, called the `` blues guitar for... Guitarist gets to rip out some of the best parts of blues is... Rock music a spice take the a minor Pentatonic scale at the 5th V! Take the a major and minor Pentatonic only play the I III IV V VII from the a Pentatonic. So when we play a different type of chord called “ blues in a or... Your root note ( I ), Place your 1st finger on the 3rd ( III ) is. Backing track: here ’ s take the a minor Pentatonic scale is the time they! Rich sound played anywhere across the fret board Boom '' demonstrates this beautifully—at the beginning of simplest! Out at marcocirillo @ blitzguitar.com if you want to hear every glorious note in this section I am to. Like these blues greats, you 'll be playing your first batch cool... Anything else the blues—and an essential component of blues music that you play the chords a.! Main parts of learning blues guitar, lead guitar I always record unique such... And scale-finder that you can see that there ’ s called a 12 bar blues, doesn! How everything fits together quickly, easily and effectively popular ‘ 7 ’ chords 14th fret riff to 12... Music has a great groove it character start our lick on the 1st fret the. Backing track: here ’ s the glue which holds the band responds this role isn ’ t get playing! Tenets of the diagrams below 10 best blues guitar in the music world we refer to as...